九州体育九州体育
(A)测量误差发生在数据本身不准确或测量错误时。
This is more or less synonym with information bias -- a systematic error in the
data. With processing error, errors comes after data have
been collected, such as might occur in writing down data, entering data into the
computer, or damage to data files after data have been entered).
(B)数据输入错误的类型：换位、复制错误、编码错误、舍入错误、一致性错误、范围错误。
(C) Ways to minimize data entry errors: (1) manual checking (i.e., compare data entered against original sources) , (2) range and
consistency checking (e.g., via check codes), (3) screen data for outliers during analysis, (4) double entry and validation.
QES文件用于定义变量和设置数据输入屏幕。
(E) REC files
(F) Codebooks include: (1) Historical information about the data (e.g., date the initial data file was create and or
last modified), (2) variable names, (3) variable structure (e.g., length and types), (4) codes used for data (5)
labels and units of measure.
(G) Because natural and other disasters (e.g., fires, floods, theft) may occur
on site, destroying all files.
(H) Planning data needs, data collection, date entry, data validation and
checking, file backup, data documentation
(I) .sav
(J) Flat files contain alphanumeric characters that correspond to data value.
Columns corresponding to variables, variable names, variable labels, and other
data identifiers are not contained in the flat file.
(K)。sps
(L) Controlled data entry is data entry that will accept only data which meets
certain criteria.
(M)将变量名用{花括号}括起来。
(n) 10 .…… 8
(O) ##
(P) Value labels; 范围限制; (also "jumps" and "must
enters")
(Q) Because entry people tend to make similar entry problems (e.g., the same
tpye of tpyos) upon repetition.
(R) To identify them as comments.
数据管理练习的分级键示例
[1]。qes (questionnaire file)